Leigh & Tolbert (2001) examined the reliability of the BDI-II with deaf college students and found good internal consistency (alpha=.88), split-half reliability (.76), and one-week test-retest reliability (.77). Manual for the Beck Depression Inventory-II. Yes 3 I am so sad and unhappy that I can't stand it. There are several other depression screens that are not proprietary and are in the public domain for use. Daily Tips for a Healthy Mind to Your Inbox, Small Ways to Feel Better When You're Depressed, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), Beck Depression Inventory-Fast Screen (BDI-FS), Measures of depression and depressive symptoms: Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), and Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), Neurovegetative symptom subtypes in young people with major depressive disorder and their structural brain correlates, Trends in (not) using scales in major depression: A categorization and clinical orientation, A comparison of self-report and clinical diagnostic interviews for depression: diagnostic interview schedule and schedules for clinical assessment in neuropsychiatry in the Baltimore epidemiologic catchment area follow-up, Predicting self-reported depression after the onset of multiple sclerosis using genetic and non-genetic factors, Measuring depression over time . (2004). The procedure used to determine the cut scores may increase the likelihood of false positives or overdiagnoses of depression among clients. In effect, higher averages are observed in the general BDI-II score (average = 16.91; standard deviation = 11.62; t (881) = 7.49; p<0.01), and in the cognitive dimensions (average = 5.02; standard deviation = 4.31; t (881) = 6.33; p<0.01), somatic (average = 8.24; standard deviation = 5.35; t (881) = 5.87; p<0.01), and affective (average = 3.65; standard deviation = 3.15; t (881) = 8.17; p<0.01), with a greater effect size on the Cohen's d values (d general = .80; d cognitive = .64; d somatic = .71; d affective = .82). Additional data regarding reliability are presented under Notes for "Construct Validity." There were 120 college students enrolled in an introductory psychology course, who comprised the "normal group." Due to the face validity of the BDI-II, underreporting and overreporting may be likely. These are clearly affected by the person, the person's world and the future. The test has its advantages and disadvantages. Several versions of the BDI tool exist. Individuals with low education and some Spanish speakers have difficulty with the response format. Although buying in bulk is great for saving you money, if you have only just set up your store then you may not have the money to buy stock until a customer makes an order. The current version of the inventory and its predecessors has been shown to be reliable and valid across a wide age range of samples.1 Additionally, the BDI-II and previous versions have been standardized in different countries and cultures. The mean age was 37.20 (SD=15.91). The present review will only consider those investigations which are primarily concerned with the validity or the . This is a copyrighted measure. The Beck Depression Inventory or BDI is an assessment method to evaluate the most important symptoms of depression. Although the measure can be used for adolescents, the norms were gathered with adults. A pilot study of Interpersonal Psychotherapy for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Today, BDI is considered one of the vital . This finding differs from common findings indicating that the affective factor should be subsumed by the cognitive [17,18,58] or the somatic factor [5,10,59,60]. Norms were based on a predominantly Caucasian sample. Copyright: 2018 Garca-Batista et al. Description. The BDI-II is widely used and accepted as a measure of depressive symptomatology. Ratings are summed to provide a total score ranging from 0 - 63. It has also been used in numerous treatment outcome studies and in numerous studies with trauma-exposed individuals. This method has demonstrated to be statistically more powerful for controlling Type 1 error compared to Bonferroni adjustment [52]. [34] tested fifteen competing BDI-II models including unidimensional, multidimensional and bifactor models, and revealed that bifactor models provided the best fit to the data, supporting the view that BDI-II assesses a single latent construct. Discriminant validity means that the BDI-II does not correlate highly with measures of other psychiatric symptoms such as anxiety. You need to invest in your inventory. Cathebras, P., Mosnier, C., Levy, M., Bouchou, K., & Rousset, H. (1994). Aaron T. Beck created the beck Depression Inventory long back. This test opened up a new dimension for health care professionals. View PDF. Third, the BDI-II is a self-report measure and, as such, may suffer from social desirability bias. Parents of children with PTSD symptoms related to sexual abuse and traumatic bereavement show decreases in BDI symptoms after participating in treatment with their children (Cohen, Deblinger, Mannarino & Steer, 2004; Cohen, Mannarino, & Knudsen, 2004). Journal of Clinical Psychology, 57(3), 355-365. Assessment, 9, 164-170. Introduction to the Beck Depression Inventory II. Conceptualization, A PsychInfo search (6/05) for "Beck Depression Inventory" or BAI anywhere revealed that the BDI has been referenced in 9,013 peer-reviewed journal articles. The first revision occurred in 1979, also popularized as BDI-I A, differs from the . Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). Reliability and Validity of the Beck Depression Inventory-II among Korean Adolescents. International Journal of Testing, 4(3), 199-216. (1998) examined the psychometrics of the BDI-II with adolescent outpatients and found good internal consistency. This version of the inventory consists of 21 items, in which four response options are presented on a scale of 0 to 3. Sanz, Perdign, & Vsquez (2003) examined the psychometrics of the Spanish adaptation of the BDI-II with 470 non-clinical adults. The Beck Depression Inventory is scored on which scale of measurement? Each question has a set of at least four possible answer choices, ranging in intensity. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 20, 127-137. Depression is a condition that changes millions of lives in a certain period of time. All participants agreed to participate voluntarily and provided written consent prior to complete the inventory and after information about purposes of the study were provided. The wording in some items asks the respondent to compare their current state to a prior one (e.g., than usual, as ever). It also differentiates between major depressive disorder and dysthymic disorder in . Hopefully, this study will help to change this situation. (2005). EMDR therapy following the 9/11 terrorist attacks: A community-based intervention project in New York City. Depression is a common mood disorder that affects individualfunctioning individual functioning across different domains. Verywell Mind's content is for informational and educational purposes only. This is very helpful for the following reasons: The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) is a 21-question self-report rating used to measure the symptoms of depression in an individual. Psychological Assessment, 10, 83-89. As expected, statistically significant differences were observed with higher averages in the hospital sample. Scoring files were written in the R statistical programming language by John Curtin and are free for reuse. Transl Psychiatry. 1 I feel sad 2 I am sad all the time and I can't snap out of it. The scores used to measure the symptoms on a Beck Anxiety Inventory may range from 0 to 63: minimal anxiety levels (0-7), mild anxiety (8-15), moderate anxiety (16-25), and severe anxiety (26-63). Arch Gen Psychiatry. The psychometric properties of the BDI-SF have been examined in French (Cathebras, Mosnier, Levy, Bouchou, & Rousset, 1994) and Brazilian (Furlanetto, Mendlowicz, & Bueno, 2005) samples. Behavioural inhibition and symptoms of anxiety and depression: Is there a specific relationship with social phobia? If you are concerned about your level of depression, it is important to discuss your symptoms with a mental health professional. 1. For example, individuals are asked to respond to each question based on a two-week time period rather than the one-week timeframe on the BDI. Items are summed to create a total score, with higher scores indicating higher levels of depression. While the Beck Depression Inventory is one of the most widely used inventories for measuring symptoms of depression, there are both pros and cons to this method of diagnosis. There was neither difficulty in understanding nor negative commentaries about the scale content. Among women who have experienced intimate partner violence, those with comorbid PTSD and Major Depression show higher levels of symptomatology on the BDI-II than those with PTSD alone and those with no PTSD or Major Depression (Nixon, Resick, Nishith, 2004). Although the age range for the measure is from 17 to 80, the measure has been used in peer-reviewed studies with younger adolescents . The scoring scale is at the end of the questionnaire. Verywell Mind articles are reviewed by board-certified physicians and mental healthcare professionals. The additive benefit of hypnosis and cognitive-behavioral therapy in treating acute stress disorder. While Dominicans native language is the same that the language BDI-II version used in this study (i.e., Spanish), there are linguistic characteristics that may vary substantially. (2005). BDI-II scores are correlated with scores on the Reynolds Adolescent Depression Scale, the Beck Hopelessness Scale, the Beck Anxiety Inventory, the MMPI-A, and the Suicidal Behaviors Questionnaire-Revised; and BDI-II scores discriminate between adolescents who do and do not meet DSM-IV criteria for a major depressive disorder (Krefetz et al., 2002; Kumar et al., 2002). Psychiatry & Clinical Neurosciences, 59(2), 127-134. Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain, Affiliation It has been utilized both in clinical and research purposes with high reliability and validity as it is evidenced . The BDI-II also has good convergent and discriminant validity. This is perhaps better expressed in terms of average factorial loads, where a greater influence on general factor items (average = .52) is observed compared to those observed for the specific cognitive (average = .26), affective (average = .23) and somatic (average = .24) factors. (2005). Fourth, it has been suggested that bifactor models are more robust to model misspecification (e.g., substantive cross-loadings) than multidimensional or hierarchical CFA models [64] which may result in bias in favor of bifactor models and, consequently, to explain why such measurement models outperform conventional CFA models. Screening for depression in patients with medical hospitalization. Based on previous BDI-II research findings, several competing models were tested including one, two, three-factor models and bifactor models. Butler and Beck (2000) reviewed 14 meta-analyses investigating the effectiveness of Beck's cognitive therapy and concluded that about 80% of adults benefited from the therapy. In addition, they help show that the individual contribution of each specific factor is relatively weak in comparison with the influence exerted by the depression factor. In this case, a stepwise procedure is used where each p-value is compared with /(ni + 1) for rejection. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 73(2), 334-340. The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) is world-wide among the most used self-rating scales for measuring depression. The BDI-II is widely used as an indicator . Sanz, J., Perdign, A.L., & Vzquez, C. (2003). Yes In conclusion, for both statistical and clinical reasons it seems more appropriate to use BDI-II total and factor scores. [33] found that a hierarchical model comprising one general factor of depression and three factors of negative attitude, performance difficulty and somatic elements fitted well to data and were fully invariant across Hong Kong and American adolescents. The authors claimed that only two of the first-order factors, Cognitive and Somatic-Affective, were generalizable. The BDI was designed to measure the severity of depression, as well as to serve as a tool for screening for depression. These differences are amplified when the hospital sample is sub-divided and only the psychiatric consultation participants (N = 86) are considered. The NCTSN is funded by the Center for Mental Health Services (CMHS), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and jointly coordinated by UCLA and Duke University. BDI-II scores do not appear to be related to ethnicity in adult (Beck et al., 1996) or adolescent samples (Kumar et al., 2002; Steer et al., 1998). The Five to ten minutes is necessary for completing the test. The Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), developed in 1996, was derived from the BDI. Psychometric properties of the Beck Depression Inventory-II with university students in Bahrain. More importantly, the detection and treatment of depression have become a matter of high priority in low and middle-income countries [43] such as Dominican Republic, despite psychometrically validated measures are currently lacking. Since the test construction in 1961, the test has been employed in numerous (more than 2,000) empirical studies. The Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), created by Aaron T. Beck, MD, and colleagues, is a 21-item multiple-choice self-report inventory that measures the severity of an anxiety in adults and adolescents. Validity and Reliability. This population consisted of 317 females and 183 males; 91% Caucasian, 4% African American, 4% Asian American, and 1% Latino. Feelings like guilt, loneliness, and fear can make a serious impact on a person's ability to feel hopeful and happy. Publication Date: 1988, 1993 Beck Depression Inventory definition: A trademark for a standardized questionnaire used to diagnose depression. Also, when verifying the fit of a bifactor model, it makes sense to consider additional indices, mainly the hierarchical omega (H), the percentage of explained common variance (ECV) and the percentage of uncontaminated correlations (PUC). (2003). Carmody (2005) examined the psychometrics of the BDI-II with a diverse group of college students. (2004). Collectively, these results support the use of BDI-II in Republic Dominican for assessing depression severity. Or not? Kumar, Steer, Teitelman, & Villacis (2001) examined adolescents who had cutoff scores of 21 and above. Results showed that a bifactor model with a general depression factor and three specific factors consisting of cognitive, affective, and somatic factors provided the best fit to data. Leigh, I.W., & Anthony-Tolbert, S. (2001). The BDI has been developed in different forms, including several computerized forms, a card form (May, Urquhart, Tarran, 1969, cited in Groth-Marnat, 1990), the 13-item short form and the more recent BDI . San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation. Additionally, the present study supported the validity of the affective factor as a separate dimension from cognitive and somatic domains. Emotion, 5(1), 103-112. Neurovegetative symptom subtypes in young people with major depressive disorder and their structural brain correlates. Current address: Escuela de Psicologa, Pontifica Universidad Catlica Madre y Maestra, Santiago de los Caballeros, Repblica Dominicana. For example, Byrne et al. The scoring scale is at the end of the questionnaire. Affiliation Secondly, to examine the validity and reliability of BDI-II in Dominican Republic. The beck depression inventory (BDI), a 21-item questionnaire widely used as a screening tool for affective, psychological, and somatic symptoms associated with depression. The Beck Depression Inventory A study done by Boury et al. Allen S. Scoring the Beck Depression Inventory. [5] original scoring instructions. The BDI-II is widely used as an indicator of the severity of depression, but not as a diagnostic tool, and numerous studies provide evidence for its reliability and validity across different populations and cultural groups. Sprinkle, S.D., Lurie, D., Insko, S.L., Atkinson, G., Jones, G.L., Logan, A.R., & Bissada, N.N. 2013;35(4):416-431. doi:10.1590/1516-4446-2012-1048, Lee EH, Lee SJ, Hwang ST, Hong SH, Kim JH. Al-Musawi, N.M. (2001). Yes 2000;57(3):217-222. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.57.3.217, Wang FM, Davis MF, Briggs FB. The total scale was the only one that presented values greater than .80 ( = .89; corrected item-total correlations between .37 and .62). Health action to be taken in form of counselling about the pros and cons in the early phase can prevent future complications. Storch, E.A., Roberti, J.W., & Roth, D.A. Convergent validity means that the BDI-II correlates highly with other measures of depression, such as the PHQ-9. The authors suggested that the measures not be used interchangeably since they may be assessing different aspects of depression. Numerous studies have established the reliability and validity of the BDI-II in different populations and cultures. Kubany, E.S., Hill, E.E., Owens, J.A., Iannce-Spencer, C., McCaig, M.A., Tremayne, K.J., & Williams, P.L. Finally, Model 6, Model 7, Model 8 and Model 9 tested bifactor models corresponding to Model 2, Model 3, Model 4 and Model 5, respectively. The mean age was 27.07 (SD = 11.18). The BDI includes 21 items, each of which corresponds to a symptom of depression. Michael, T., Ehlers, A., & Halligan, S.L. Use of scoring code is granted under CC BY-SA 4.0 permissions. The original BDI consisted of 21 items, each of which corresponded to a symptom of depression. Its development marked a shift among health care professionals, who had until then viewed depression from a psychodynamic perspective, instead of it being rooted Bilingual participants completed both English and Spanish versions, with comparable scores across language administrations. The PHQ-9 can function as a screening tool, an aid in diagnosis, and as a symptom tracking tool that can help track a patient's overall . Depression InventoryII (BDIII) [5]. The BDI can be used, but is not limited to, persons with stroke. (1961). PLOS ONE promises fair, rigorous peer review, Particularly, while Beck et al. The BDI-II [5] is a 21-item self-report measure that taps major depression symptoms according to diagnostic criteria listed in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders [6]. Use of the Beck Depression Inventory-II with adolescent psychiatric outpatients. The BDI was first published in 1961 by Dr. Aaron T. Beck, a psychiatrist who is considered the father of cognitive therapy. If you are concerned about your level of depression, it is important to discuss your symptoms with a mental health professional. (2004) examined the reliability and validity of the BAI and BDI in a sample of 1,110 Latino and 2,703 Caucasian undergraduate students. Participants were selecting by convenience from general population (N = 797) and hospital population (N = 243). A PsychInfo search of Beck Depression Inventory or BDI AND trauma yielded 681 peer-reviewed journal articles (6/05). Psychiatry Investig. Because the items in the BAI describe the emotional, physiological, and cognitive symptoms of anxiety but not depression, it can . Behavior Research and Therapy, 37, 183-190. Thus, even using the exactly same words the interpretation and meaning may be quite different [45]. The BDI can also be used to monitor the course of treatment. American Journal of Psychiatry, 162(1), 181-183. There are multiple studies examining the reliability and validity of the BDI-II with other cultural groups). Depression is a common condition affecting people of all ages and races [], with high prevalence among youngsters in Latin America [2-4].Early onset depression is of interest because of the need to identify early cases of depression and potentially prevent or reduce consequences later in life [5, 6].Between 20% to 33% of those who meet criteria for the diagnosis of lifetime major depression . Eidhin, M.N., Sheehy, N., OSullivan, M., & McLeavey, B. Results from hierarchical and bifactor BDI-II models supported both models. The BDI was developed by Dr. Aaron T. Beck, a psychiatrist, and released in 1961. Since Mardias kurtosis multivariate coefficient was 338.70 thus indicating a significant deviation from multivariate normality according to benchmarks [47]the Asymptotic Distribution-Free method was used for model estimation. Benefits of the Beck Depression Inventory IV. Moreover, despite most of the items variances were accounted by the general depression factor, the three specific factors (cognitive, affective, and somatic) explained a non-redundant amount of variance. They conducted both exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis and found a 2nd order general factor of Depression and three first-order factors: Negative Attitude, Performance Difficulty, and Somatic Elements. Analyses with adult inpatients have identified a single hierarchical depression factor (Cole, Grossman, Prillman, & Hunsaker, 2003). The internal consistency of each factor and the general scale was assessed using Cronbach's coefficient. This is in line with different studies that supported a bifactor latent structure to the BDI-II [13,36,37,38]. Content and Use of the Beck Depression Inventory A. Archives of general psychiatry, 4(6), 561-571. 0 I do not feel sad. The authors suggest findings provide support for the BDI-II in this population (Al-Musawi, 2001). This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. No, Is the Subject Area "Primary care" applicable to this article? Clinical Assessment s The Beck Depression Inventory . https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0199750, Editor: Chung-Ying Lin, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, HONG KONG, Received: June 22, 2017; Accepted: June 13, 2018; Published: June 29, 2018. # x27 ; t stand it presented under Notes for `` Construct.. Treatment outcome studies and in numerous ( more than 2,000 ) empirical studies support the use of BDI-II different! Are free for reuse current address: Escuela de Psicologa, Pontifica Universidad Catlica Madre Maestra. 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