rise of kingdoms france and germany were both once part of what kingdomrise of kingdoms france and germany were both once part of what kingdom

Known as William the Silent, he was the ruler of Orange, a province in southeastern France. A middle class, consisting of merchants and bankers, was taking power away from noblemen. More nations are being added in the next updates. It helped shape world history as a whole, by giving rise to early forms of representative government. In the 1860s, the Kingdom of Prussia, led by Kaiser Wilhelm I and his prime minister, Otto von Bismarck, initiated a series of conflicts designed to unite the German states under their influence. Both Katherine To take on his duties as emperor Charles had to move to Aachen, Germany. The French also occupied the province of Navarre during the Comuneros Revolt in Spain. T o F, the rise of the Ottoman Turks' empire between the thirteenth and fifteenth century and more. She cared for the aging king and tried to be a mother to his children. Adrian sent a royal army to put down the revolt. split into kingdoms and city-states. Now he accepted a number of Lutheran doctrines, such as rejection of the pope as God's sole representative on Earth. Charlemagne was a medieval emperor who ruled much of Western Europe from 768 to 814. 1 France And Germany Were Both Once Part Of What Kingdom? The German Empire consisted of 26 constituent territories, most ruled by royal families. You can play in a way that suits your style,whether that be reckless military adventurism and dreams of global dominance,or quiet and unobtrusive statecraft and dreams of a happy populace. The problems started when Isabella died in 1504. The forty-five-year reign of Elizabeth I was darkened by the executions of her cousin Mary Stuart (Mary, Queen of Scots) and of her favorite courtier, Robert Devereux, earl of Essex. In 1094 Henry of Burgundy was given the county of Portugal by the king of Castile and Len for his success against the Moors. So, the whole connections between the world monetary systems were basically private sector finance. Royal Family of Liechtenstein. Philip's forces demolished the French at Saint Quentin. Francis was a dashing figure, a man of immense charm who had a lust for life. to hold diverse views about such matters as communion. The expanded Frankish state he founded is called the . Under feudalism there were few cities, and most communities consisted of small towns and rural areas clustered around castles, which served as centers of government and social life (see "Castle as center of community" in Chapter 1). Henry and Margaret fled to Scotland, where she continued her opposition to the house of York. Find answers for Rise of Kingdoms on AppGamer.com. Here Puritan When Francis swore as a gentleman to return to captivity if he failed to live up to his end of the bargain, Charles agreed to set him free. Peter and his successors were called the Argonese. The other European powers now had land and a certain amount of income from their colonies, but they still did not have what they wanted: the spices, sugar, and precious metals owned by Spain and Portugal. Ferdinand and Isabella were able to centralize most of the government, although Aragon successfully resisted any changes that would increase royal authority. Which of the following is considered a metallic resource? In 1684, La Salle lay claim, on behalf of France, to the entire Mississippi River basin, from the Illinois country to the Gulf of Mexico. Ferdinand and Isabella first waged war against the Moorish kingdom of Granada, on the southern end of the peninsula. Religious fanaticism soon intensified. In 1337 Edward claimed the right to the throne through his mother's lineignoring the Salic Lawand named himself king of France. Two rival houses (royal families), York and Lancaster, each claimed to have the right to the throne. Some had even entered the ranks of nobility. After this bloody victory, while looting the city, Henry first glimpsed the riches of African trade that had come from the Indies: cinnamon, pepper, cloves, ginger, and other spices. The Catholic sovereigns' most controversial actions involved Jews and Muslims. A decent room costing $14-$19 split two ways (or three-ways, wink-wink) will usually net you something better than a dorm room for roughly the same price. John IV ushered in Portugal's silver age, the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, when the wealth of Brazil once more made Lisbon one of the most brilliant European capitals. 1861. After a six-month battle, however, Edward's forces killed Neville and proclaimed victory. Renaissance and Reformation Reference Library. Henry VIII is now considered the true Renaissance prince. to France. During the Inquisition thousands of non-Christians were killed by mobs, while thousands more tried to save their own lives by converting to Christianity. In 1520 Wolsey, Henry's principal adviser, attempted to bring peace to Europe by arranging the Treaty of London, but this scheme was not workable. Great things take some time to shine. From 1609 until 1614, between 300,000 and 350,000 Moriscos were forced to leave Spain. He won a decisive victory at Agincourt (now Azincourt), a village in northern France, and instantly became a hero in England. During the Christian reconquest of Spain, the Roman Catholic Church launched the Crusades (10961291), a series of holy wars against "pagans." Purchasing the works of Italian painters Michelangelo, Raphael, and Titian, Francis also invited some of the finest Italian artists of the day to come to France. the Kingdom of Prussia was mostly in which modern country Germany. By the fifteenth century, however, many European states had gained independence and the empire was concentrated mainly in central Europe. After. At the same time religious reformers, first in Germany and then in the Netherlands and Scandinavia, were leading a movement against the practices of the Roman Catholic Church. The Dutch troubles worsened in 1578 when Philip approved the assassination of Juan de Escobedo (died 1578), John of Austria's dangerous and ambitious secretary. Her Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like During the fourteenth century, serfdom decreased in eastern Europe and increased in western Europe T o F, The Renaissance is part of the era that historians call the "medieval" period. The court burned hundreds of Huguenots (French Protestants) at the stake. When the popes would not give in to Philip's demands he resolved the situation by having his agents arrest Pope Boniface VIII (c.12351303; reigned 12941303). By 1529, Francis had signed the Treaty of Cambrai, which repeated the humiliating terms of the earlier Treaty of Madrid. The Spanish had rights to all lands west of the longitudinal Line of Demarcation, while Portugal could claim everything to the east. The great humanist Thomas More served as his lord chancellor (chief secretary) in the 1530s. This social and economic system had emerged during the ninth century in the Carolingian Empire (pronounced care-eh-LIN-jee-ehn), which was centered in the region that is now France. The consolidation of the kingdom of France under one ruler was now complete. Yet there was a darker side to the gallant French king. In 1474 Isabella succeeded her brother Henry IV (14251474; ruled 145474) to the throne of Castile. Henry the Navigtor believed the mission would be dangerous if undertaken by sea. They spent vast amounts of money on fortifications and on renewed wars against France and Scotland (a traditional ally of the French). Edward ruled England for twelve more years, until his unexpected death in 1483. Surrounded by young playmates, he learned the strategy and methods of Renaissance warfare and showed signs of unusual talent at the craft. On March 30, 1492, heeding the advice of Torquemada, the king and queen ordered all Jews to leave Spanish territory by July 30. Charles's spokesmen claimed the troops had moved on Rome against In 1536 Henry discovered that Anne had been unfaithful to him and he had her beheaded. Although hostilities ended for a time, by 1551 the German princes had found another ally in the new king of France, Henry II (see "France" section previously in this chapter). A: Red The Spaniards took 127 Ottoman ships and thousands of soldiers and seamen. Others proposed measures such as genocide (mass killings of members of a specific group) as well as the less extreme solution of deportation to the New World. LORD SHIVAJI. Infuriated that the pope had sided with France, Charles sent his Spanish and German troops into Rome in 1527. The Portuguese viceroy placed in charge of Portuguese colonization, Alfonso de Albuquerque battered his way across the Indian Ocean. In February, he completed the Capitulations, an "unholy alliance" with the Ottoman leader Khayr ad-Din (pronounced kigh-ruh-DEEN; d. 1546), who was called Barbarossa by Europeans. Francis corresponded with the Dutch humanist Desiderius Erasmus and sponsored a royal lecture series that supported promising scholars. The Mongolian empire fell apart at the end of the fourteenth century, and the rulers of the Persian and Muslim kingdoms closest to Europe no longer gave outsiders access to their territory. Those who chose to stay in Spain had to submit to baptism (a ceremony marking admission into the Christian religion) or be put to death. Renaissance ideas had dominated his education. He reached the continent in November. Juan de Padilla (c. 14901521), a representative from Toledo, organized leaders in other cities into a "Holy League of Cities." He theorized that one did not need to sail east for a year to reach the Indies. He was married to the English princess Philippa of Lancaster. popular route to China and the Spice Islands. Although England was smaller than France, it was able to gather a large army. She inspired the soldiers by saying that though she had "the body of a weak and feeble woman," she had "the heart and stomach of a King.". do with the translation. In 1621, however, Parliament reconvened in order to vote funds to aid Frederick V of Bohemia (15961632). For a time Jews' property was seized, but they did not receive any further punishment. Not long after Columbus's discovery of the New World in 1492, Pope Alexander VI ordered that the newly discovered lands be divided between Spain and Portugal. Which commander is known as the Conqueror of Chaos? Leading the venture would be an experienced admiral, the marquis of Santa Cruz. The name Portugal comes from the ancient port city of Portus Cale (now Porto), at the mouth of the Douro River, where the Portuguese monarchy began. On September 13 and 14, 1515, at Marignano (now Melegnano) near Milan, Francis won the greatest triumph in what was to be his long career as a military leader. The popes remained in Avignon under French domination until 1377, during a period called the Babylonian captivity (see "Babylonian captivity and the Great Schism" in Chapter 1). France and Germany were both once part of what Kingdom? When Essex returned to England, Elizabeth reluctantly withdrew her patronage from him. Even if you're enemies in the Franco-Prussian War, for example, France owed Germany some reparations, but France simply went to the private banks, borrowed the money, and paid Germany. In the golden age of Portugal, during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, Portuguese explorers sailed most of the world's seas. Mary Tudor (15161558; ruled 155358) took the throne as Queen Mary I in 1553, after Jane Grey's nine-day reign. When she refused his proposal he realized that England could never be a Catholic country. The pound rose as much as 0.9pc to well above $1. Once the thriving center of sea trade on the Iberian Peninsula, Catalonia and its capital city Barcelona had been declining since the middle of the fifteenth century. Retrieved February 22, 2023 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/rise-monarchies-france-england-and-spain. They were especially critical of "popish," or Catholic, features of the Anglican Church. While Charles was securing his empire in Western Europe, his military generalscalled the conquistadorswere winning tremendous lands and wealth in the Americas. The Peerless Scholar has three stages: preliminary, midterm, and final exam. He lost power to John Dudley (15021553), earl of Warwick, who was the most important figure in the government for the remainder of Edward's reign. After Hudson's expedition, most of the major exploratory work in North America was done on inland water routes by the French. She was an accomplished performer on the virginal, the keyboard instrument named in honor of her status as the Virgin QueenElizabeth refused to get married because she had devoted her life to her country. into numerous small regions, each controlled by a feudal lord. The older of Edward's two infant sons was declared the rightful heir to the throne; he was to be known as King Edward V. Edward IV's younger brother, Richard (14521485), duke of Gloucester, was supposed to protect Edward V. Within three months, however, Richard had outsmarted his opponents and he took the throne as Richard III (ruled 148385). Charles's younger brother, Ferdinand, was named Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor in 1558. James again tried to remain free of the war by arranging an alliance with a Catholic country. official symbol of France, painted on his shield. Nevertheless, Henry managed to recruit many able sea captains to go on his venture. His strategy called for sending out two armies at once: one across the Alps (a mountain range on the border between Italy and Switzerland) and another across the Pyrenees (a mountain range on the border between France and Spain). In 1639 a French army invaded Catalonia, and in 1641 the Catalonians declared their independence from Spain and gave their allegiance to King Louis XIII of France. Refer to each styles convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates. For six years, Francis remained in France, where he became an enthusiastic patron of the arts. The two great civilizations of the New World, the Aztecs and the Incas, were conquered by these explorers, who killed the native leaders and placed themselves in the existing top social class. The next king, Louis XI (14231483; ruled 146183), set France on a course that eventually destroyed the The Treaty of Tordesillas in 1494 made this division official and granted Portugal possession of what is now Brazil. By the mid-thirteenth century, the present boundaries of Portugal were established and Lisbon became the capital. Yet the Catalan revolt and the Andalusian independence movement, along with the loss of Portugal, showed that Spain was losing its status as a major world power. The crowning of Charles as king of Spain was the climax of a bitter dispute that resulted from the marriage contract between Ferdinand and Isabella. The loss of the monasteries was felt in various ways. The Spanish king, Ferdinand II of Aragon, had conquered and an nexed the small kingdom of Navarre, situated between France and Spain on the Bay of Biscay (see "Spain" section later in this chapter). In 1567 Philip introduced the Spanish Inquisition in the Netherlands and sent Fernando lvarez de Toledo, duke of Alba (c. 15071582), to crush the revolt. quest for new territories and markets in the East (see "The age of European exploration" section later in this chapter). Arresting two rebel leaders, Lamoral, count of Egmont (15221568), and Philip de Montmorency, count of Hoorn (c. 15181568), Alba established the Council of Troubles. By this time the Protestant Reformation, a movement to reform the Roman Catholic Church, was sweeping Europe. One of the most important events of Henry VIII's reign was the closing of monasteries. She knew the Greek and Latin languages, and she occasionally embarrassed foreign diplomats when she understood comments they made in their own languages. 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